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Pascals Wager - 1557 Words

Modern debates over religion, more specifically God, focus primarily on whether or not sufficient evidence exists to either prove or disprove the existence of a God. Disbelievers such as biologist Richard Hawkins tend to point to the indisputable facts of evolution and the abundance of scientific evidence which seem to contradict many aspects of religion. Conversely, believers such as Dr. A. E. Wilder-Smith describe the controversial aspects of science, and how the only possible solution to everything is a supreme being. However, mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal refused to make either type of argument; he believed that it was impossible to determine God’s existence for certainty through reason. Instead, he suggested that†¦show more content†¦However each one of these is a faulty argument. Arguments 1 and 2 only takes into consideration two choices for religion, Roman Catholicism or atheism. However, numerous other faiths exist today, and regardless of the amount of evidence which may support or refute one faith or another, let us assume each to be equally as likely as the other. Since Pascal’s Wager fails to tell us which God to believe in, we end up with â€Å"a great probability that we picked the wrong religion and go to some other religion’s version of Hell† (Bendz). With an increasing number of potential faiths or religions, the probability of believing in the right God (or even Gods) likewise becomes increasingly small. Therefore, we have an increased probability of choosing the wrong God, and as a result, we miss out on the eternal happiness from one religion and instead receive the eternal torment of another. Similarly, varying religions have different concepts of afterlife. For example, Hinduism and Buddhism believe in the rebirth and rei ncarnation of souls, in which the actions one engages in throughout their life simply accumulate to either good or bad karma. Therefore eternal happiness would not truly exist in these religions, but instead happiness would be finite and a result of good actions, not aShow MoreRelated Criticism of Pascals Wager Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesto believe rather to disbelieve because the odds are in favor of the believer. This gambler-like idea is better known as â€Å"Pascal’s Wager† or â€Å"The Gambler’s Argument.† Nevertheless, this sort of play-the-ponies idea is not quite precise. Although Pascal’s Wager serves as a stepping-stone for non-believers, it is a rather vague, faithless and inaccurate argument. Pascal’s wager takes the position of a gambler. It says that it is far more logical to believe in God because the odds are in one’s favorRead MorePascal’s Wager vs. the Ontological Argument2450 Words   |  10 PagesPascal’s Wager vs. the Ontological Argument Pascal’s Wager was a groundbreaking theory posed by the French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal, who is said to be the father of modern probability, felt that that religion should be approached as a gamble. It was one of the first efforts to incorporate the concept of infinity. The wager stated that, even though the existence of God cannot be determined through reason, one should wager as though God exists, because livingRead More A Critical Discussion of Blaise Pascals The Wager Essay example2074 Words   |  9 Pages A Critical Discussion of Blaise Pascals The Wager   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the gambling world bets are made based on odds, the probability or likelihood that something would happen. In the court of law, cases are decided upon by the weight of evidence presented by the respective parties. The common link between these general scenarios is that decisions are made based on some outside evidential factor. The more probable something is likely to happen, or the more evidence presented in favor or opposed to somethingRead MoreEssay on Pascal’s Wager984 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper I will be discussing Pascal’s Wager. What I first plan to do in this paper is explain the argument of Pascal’s Wager. Next I will explain how Pascal tries to convince non-theists why they should believe in God. I will then explain two criticisms in response to Pascal’s argument. Finally, I will discuss whether or not these criticisms show Pascal’s reasoning to be untenable. Pascal’s Wager is an argument that tries to convince non-theists why they should believe in the existence ofRead MorePascal : The Benefits Or Drawbacks For Believing1695 Words   |  7 Pagesin God. Pascal believed that reason could not show if God existed or not. He proposed that people must â€Å"wager† one way or the other on the sides of believing in God. He states God will, reward whoever accepts him, and infinitely punish or abandon whoever rejects him. Pascal’s argument is wise in the aspect that it persuades people to believe in a being, without proof of this being. Pascal’s wager is stout as it appeals to people’s own happiness/self-interest, but displays a weakness as only discussesRead MorePascal, The Founder Of The Pascal s Wager899 Words   |  4 PagesBlaise Pascal was the founder of the Pascal’s Wager. Pascal was a French philosopher, an inventor, a mathematician, a scientist and a theologian. Pascal extended a reason to beli eve in God, even though other people had beliefs that God is not real and his existence is not inconceivable. The Pascal’s Wager was a second-person communication. It showed that Pascal conceptualizes an individual forced to decide between the belief in God and not to believe in him. An example of what Pascal would demonstrateRead MoreQuestions On Pascal s Wager1878 Words   |  8 PagesI am arguing that Pascal’s Wager is significantly stronger of a rationale when more social factors are taken into consideration. In his time, Blaise Pascal formed the foundation of the Pascal’s Wager we know of today, posthumously in the form of ‘Infinirien’. Though this is more easily defensible then Pascal’ Wager, the modified version has garnered enough popularity and has enough similar that it is the target of most criticisms. Pascal came up with a theory of understanding the consequences ofRead MorePascal s Wager : A Prayer, But Let The Good Times Roll1601 Words   |  7 PagesPascal’s Wager: Say a Prayer, But Let the Good Times Roll One of my favorite quotes is what I also happened to name this paper. The quote comes from a song (Thnks fr th Mmrs by Fall Out Boy, the full quote being â€Å"Say a prayer, but let the good times roll in case God doesn t show†) and while it is often used in a sardonic manner, there is a lot of truth in it. Coming from a household where one side has to be in the front row every Sunday and the other believes that everything intimate is betweenRead MoreThe Ethics Of Belief By Clifford. Pascal1776 Words   |  8 Pagesbelieve in God are indecisive. The three philosophers have varied views on how beliefs are formed. This essay discusses the reasons why Clifford made the above conclusion, the position taken by James in his opposition and how the argument relates to Pascal’s Wager. In Clifford’s first section of his essay, he narrates two stories as an illustration of how beliefs are arrived at. His first story is that of the ship owner who sends an immigration ship out to sea. The ship owner had a dream where he saw theRead MoreSummary Of Blaise Pascal s The Wager 1286 Words   |  6 PagesBlaise Pascal’s famous work, â€Å"the Wager,† utilizes about the concept of pragmatic justification in the terms of deciding whether or not to believe in God. In response to this, William Clifford publishes â€Å"The Ethics of Belief† countering Pascal’s view. Neither Pascal or Clifford’s views are perfect, but they are both worth examining. Clifford s universal rejection of pragmatic justification is ultimately too harsh on Pascal’s Wager. Pascal utilizes reason to come to the conclusion whether or not

Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation Free Essays

The SSHE-law is a Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation that seeks to safeguard the health of employees and any other person within the premises of the organization. With the changing times and a growing number of hazards within the workplace, SSHE law is vital in regulating the safety standards within the organization. The set codes of practice provide guidance on hazard identification, risk assessment processes and risk control. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In New South Wales, the NSW OHS Regulation 2001 regulates the safety measures in an organization to ensure a danger-free working environment (Sengar, 2007). This is a very vital law in the current business situation not only in the New South Wales but also in the rest of the United States. The different chapters of this legislation stipulate the standards that should be met by the management. Proper implementation strategies are also vital in to ensure all parties benefit from the piece of legislation (Kidd, 2008). The chapters clearly state what the management should be aware of regarding the safety of the employees. Following, is a summary of the contents of the various chapters: †¢ Chapter 1- a brief introduction and definitions of the law. Chapter 2- risk management at places of work. †¢ Chapter 3- workplace consultation. †¢ Chapter 4- emphasizes on work premises and working environment. †¢ Chapter 5- is about plant i. e. machinery like computers, equipment, tools. †¢ Chapter 6- is about hazardous substances. †¢ Chapter 7- is on hazardous processes. †¢ Chapter 8- is about construction work. †¢ Chapter 9- a certification of workers. †¢ Chapter 10- is about licensing of certain businesses. †¢ Chapter 11- addresses permits for certain work. †¢ Chapter 12- is a notification of accidents and other miscellaneous provisions. Chapter 6: Hazardous substances. In this essay, Chapter 6, a piece of SSHE-legislation, will be analyzed to establish its risk management principles. The chapter obligates an employer (including the self-employed) to protect their employees from harmful effects of hazardous substances that they could be manufacturing, using or supplying. Hazardous substances contain ingredients that are, according to the document entitled â€Å"Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC: 1008 (1999)]† published by the NOHS Commission, either carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, corrosive, toxic, skin or respiratory sensitizers. In-House Safety Rules Regulations, unfamiliar chemical is considered as a hazardous substance. It is however paramount to note that this Chapter does not apply to substances such as food, therapeutic agents, tobacco, toiletries and cosmetics, if their use is not related to work activities (Tooma, 2004). Dangerous goods In this Chapter, â€Å"dangerous goods† could mean either goods too dangerous to be transported or C1 combustible liquids (have a flashpoint of between 60. 5 degrees Celsius and 150 degrees Celsius). This is regardless of whether or not they are packaged for transport or under pressure (Bohle Quinlan, 2000). Risk management principles in the manufacture of hazardous substances A manufacturer must first establish whether or not a substance is hazardous before allowing its use at the work premises. This is determination is done based on the NOHS Commission classification. If found to be hazardous, the manufacturer must prepare a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the substance before the substance is supplied to another person for use at work (Harrington, 2001). There are various requirements for the MSDS but most importantly the MSDS must set out; At least the chemical name of the ingredient in the hazardous substance. †¢ Its chemical and physical properties. †¢ Relevant health-hazard information. †¢ Precautions to be taken so as to enhance safety during the substance’s usage. †¢ The name, and Australian address and telephone numbers (including an emergency number), of the manufacturer. If the ingredients’ names are not on the MSDS, the manufacturer mu st present a medical practitioner with this vital information which would be useful if emergency medical treatment should be required. The medical practitioner should then sign an agreement not to misuse this information (Michael, 2008). Risk management principles in the supply of hazardous substances The Supplier should provide the MSDS to an employer (not a retailer though) the first time he supplies the substance to him and also after a revision of the MSDS by the manufacturer. The MSDS should also be given to a health practitioner. Proper and clear labeling is also a supplier’s duty in risk management. Labeling is aimed at ensuring awareness of the goods handler on the possible risks involved during handling. The label should generally contain the information in the MSDS. Supplier should provide employer with any other relevant information regarding the safe use of the substance, aside from that in the MSDS. R. (Creighton Stewart, 2005). Risk management principles in the use of hazardous substances It is worth pointing out that the term â€Å"use† also refers to the handling, storage, transport or disposal of the substance. A wide range of measures are to be taken by the employer to aid in risk management at the work premises. The employer must ensure all employees can always access the unaltered MSDS. The employer should also label the containers holding the hazardous substance. The label should still contain the information in the MSDS (Thompson, 2001). It is an employer’s call to ensure that substances’ contraindications of certain use, e. g. The prohibited use of Carbon disulphide is spray painting, are not used in that manner. For each employee, in case of exposure to the harmful substance which could pose a health risk, the employer must provide health surveillance under an authorized medical practitioner of his (employer’s) choice and at his (employer’s) expense (Bohle Quinlan, 2000). The legislation clearly states the kind of health surveillance to be provided based on the hazardous substance to which employee has been exposed. A register of all hazardous substances to be kept at the work place. It should contain relevant MSDS and should be readily accessible to the employees. The risk assessment report of any hazardous substance should also be accessible to the employees. An employer must identify any hazardous substance contained in an enclosed system at the place of work such as a pipe or piping system (Johnstone, 2004). Conclusion The importance of safety and security of health at work cannot be overemphasized. Absence of which directly translates to decreased productivity. This has moved me to believe that a nation’s greatest assets are its employees and thus it invests highly in their well-being. NSW, Australia’s most populous state, is not an exception as evidenced by the coming together of various organizations, including the media, to work with the NSW government to ensure the SSHE legislation is properly implemented (Kloss, 2010). The NSW Government works together with WorkCover Authority of NSW which administers regulations such as; Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 and Dangerous Goods (Road and Rail Transport) Regulation 2009. These regulations support the general requirements of the legislation and provide more detail of its application. The OHS Magazine has also assisted in enlightening the public and the relevant authorities where and how to improve on ensuring safety at work (Creighton Stewart, 2005). How to cite Safety, Security, Health and Environmental legislation, Papers

Management and Organisations in a Global Environment-Free samples

Question: Discuss about the Management and Organisations in a Global Environment. Answer: Acceptance of Taylorism in contemporary organization The Taylorism is adopted in the Australian, American or European organization but not in the original form. Grachev and Rakitsky (2013) depicts that technology and automation are changing day by day and accepting this theory like traditional way, does not maximize the productivity and profitability. Traditionally, this theory is used to increase the productivity by eliminating the unnecessary physical movements of workers but in recent times, companies emphasize more on other curricular activities. It is evident that if employees have a time limit, they have the intention to work at faster rates and due to same reason after introducing Taylorism in Ford the productivity increases 300% more than the previous production (Witzel and Warner 2015). Moreover, in recent times, the principle idea of breaking the long processes in pieces is also adopted by the contemporary organization that is the key to success for an organization in information technology (Bell et al. 2015). Kemp (2013) als o illustrates that with the application of the Taylorism, attractive packages and job security for employees id also a significant factor that modern companies also were taken into consideration for obtaining success in the business. Taylorism in Call Centres Sinha and Gabriel (2016) portrays that Taylorism cannot be completely implemented in call centers as call center is divided into different sectors departmental wise depending on the area of expertise of employees. They have the target to help a certain number of customers, so if there is a time boundary for them, definitely they can serve more customers but on the same time, the time specified for each customer may not be same. So, Brophy (2015) depicts that they focus more on satisfied customers rather a number of calls. Therefore, Witzel and Warner (2015) affirm that Taylorism can be seen in the approach, where the more the customers serve the best service to the organization, they can attain attractive packages and recognition. Impact of Taylorism in modern world It is obvious that some traditional approaches are beneficial for the growth of the organization and the prime object for the Taylorism is to increase the financial growth by utilizing the maximum employees capability (Bell et al. 2015). The contemporary institutes also emphasize more on the maximum ability of the employees; however, the way of implementation of this theory is different. According to the video, the task is divided into several departments so that big projects can be divided into the module and easily manageable. Parker (2016) portrays that this policy is equally applicable in the modern institute where big companies are often divided into several departments. On the other hand, Hamel and Breen (2013) negates that when organizations structure does not have a specialized job, companies usually fail to adapt to changing circumstances that are following the Taylorism principle and hence this principle is best suited for small companies. This inflexibility does not work w ell in a contemporary organization where managers equally emphasize on the betterment of the employees. Taylor et al. (2013) on the other hand illustrates that in recent times, managers also focuses on assembly line automated technique so that better results can be obtained in lesser time. As per as the provided video, a different rule is implemented where workers are allowed to pull the cars through one workstation after another, which led to the birth of assembly line. Implementation of this principle results in the total manufacturing time of each car reduced to one and a half hour. In addition to that, during that era, time bounds are provided to each employee to maximize their working ability and as a result, the person who loaded 12 tons materials on a daily basis, loads 47 tons of materials at the same time that enhances the productivity of Ford (Witzel and Warner 2015). In a contemporary organization, the same principle is applied however regarding targets, in the completion of which the employee will get extra financial and emotional benefits. Grachev and Rakitsky 2013) depict s that this validates the term that we take care of our employees who in turn takes care of our business. Fayolism as the Necessary Complement of Taylorism Taylor has some major principles- Daily work carefully planned and laid out for workers, standard coordination between equipment and working procedures, attractive packages for employees (Cristallini and Savall 2014). The primary reason for formulating these principles is that an organization has to provide a huge portion of revenue for labor. Therefore, Taylor depicts that offering great packages to these employees will motivate them to do more work and this principle is followed by modern managers also. Moreover, Parker (2016) defines that Fayolism follows some major principles like- Division of work, authority and responsibility, order, equity, a subordinate of individual interest to general interest, the stability of tenure, the unity of direction, scalar chain and chain of command. All these principles play a crucial role for better associativity with1 the work in the workplace which enhances the productivity. Brophy (2015) portrays that according to Taylorism workers are consid ered as machines whereas Parker (2016) negates that according to Fayolism workers are considered as an important asset for the organization. In Mr. William's case, from the provided case study, Taylor enlightens that being a production manager, Mr. William has to fulfill some criteria like- interpretation of the policies of the stockholder, finding out objectives of the enterprise, scope and limitations of the organization, recruitment of skilled employee, following up with the activities of the company along with the appraisal of good work of the employees. All these responsibilities are job oriented; however, following Fayolism, it is found that management of a company required skills other than engineering. Fayol considers education for administration for achieving business objectives and differentiates administrative function than technical function. Cristallini and Savall (2014) illustrates that higher authorities of an organization like chief executive determines policy, administration and management and on the same hand they have to handle employees by suggesting them alternative policies in case existing policies are hard to follow. The chief executive applies Fayol's "administrative function" and Taylor's principle of achieving the greatest volume of work together for the best result in the productivity of the organization. Reference List Bell, R.L., Kennebrew, D. and Blyden, L., 2015. An Increasing Utility for the Early Management Approaches. Brophy, E., 2015. Labour Markets and Identity on the Post-Industrial Assembly Line Answer the Call: Virtual Migration in Indian Call Centres Call Centers and the Global Division of Labor: A Political Economy of Post-Industrial Employment and Union Organizing. Labour/Le Travail, 75. Cristallini, V. and Savall, H., 2014. The Taylorism-Fayolism-Weberism Virus. In Facilitating the Socio-Economic Approach to Management-Results of the first SEAM Conference in North America (p. 9). IAP Age Publishing (USA). Grachev, M. and Rakitsky, B., 2013. Historic horizons of Frederick Taylor's scientific management. Journal of Management History, 19(4), pp.512-527. Hamel, G. and Breen, B., 2013. The future of management. Harvard Business Press. Kemp, L.J., 2013. Modern to postmodern management: developments in scientific management. Journal of Management History, 19(3), pp.345-361. Parker, L.D., 2016. The global Fayol: contemporary management and accounting traces. Entreprises et histoire, (2), pp.51-63. Sinha, S. and Gabriel, Y., 2016. Call Centre Work: Taylorism with a Facelift.Re-Tayloring Management: Scientific Management a Century On, p.87. Taylor, R.H., Perissinotto, R., Stretch, D. and Taylor, R.H., 2013. Management history. Ecology and Conservation of Estuarine Ecosystems: Lake St Lucia as a Global Model. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp.21-47. Witzel, M. and Warner, M., 2015. Taylorism revisited: Culture, management theory and paradigm-shift. Cambridge Judge Business SchoolWorking paper number 01/2015.